Observations of coastal dynamics during lake breeze at a shoreline impacted by high ozone

The lake breeze circulation along Lake Michigan is associated with high tropospheric ozone concentrations at shoreline locations. The 2021 Wisconsin's Dynamic Influence of Shoreline Circulation on Ozone (WiscoDISCO-21) campaign involved atmospheric measurements over Chiwaukee Prairie State Natural Area in Southeastern Wisconsin from May 21-26, 2021. Three different platforms, two uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) and a Doppler lidar instrument, were used to collect data on this campaign, supplemented by a ground-based Wisconsin DNR maintained regulatory monitor at the site. A Purdue University M210 multirotor copter, and the University of Colorado RAAVEN fixed-wing aircraft were flown in coordination. Using data from the ground station, RAAVEN and onsite lidar, lake breezes were detected on several days of the campaign. The longest sustained lake breezes during the campaign were detected on May 22, 2021, from 17:00-21:38 UTC and on May 24, 2021, from 14:24-22:51 UTC. The presence of the lake breezes correlated with detected temperature inversions measured from the RAAVEN and high ozone events measured from the M210. Lake breezes were investigated with their relationship to vertical profiles measured on the UAS, ozone concentrations, and marine boundary layer height observed with Doppler lidar to demonstrate a multi-layered lower atmosphere. A buoyant internal boundary layer was observed over land from 40-100 m AGL below highest ozone concentrations. Marine layer extent was investigated through minimum buoyancy and Richardson number analysis, showing limited vertical mixing at altitudes up to 200 m AGL, below easterly lake breeze circulation patterns extending upward to 400 m AGL in the late day.