Herbivore Influence on Post-Fire California Sage Scrub Plant and Soil Microbial Assemblages

California sage scrub (CSS) is an endangered, shrub-dominated, southern California ecosystem type threatened by increasing fire frequencies and conversion to non-native grasslands. As CSS harbors a rich endemic flora and fauna and is critical for maintaining key ecosystem services; significant attention has been focused on understanding how many key factors (N-deposition, drought, and competition with non-natives) influence post-fire CSS recovery. Unfortunately, few studies have examined the role of herbivores. For five years, we investigated the influence of herbivores on post-fire CSS succession by annually surveying plant assemblages in control (herbivores allowed access) and experimental (herbivore excluded) plots at the Bernard Field Station following a fire in May 2017. We found that herbivores reduce the cover of both invasive grasses and native shrubs, and negatively impact Artemisia californica survivorship. Consequently, post-fire plant restoration efforts should not discount the effects of herbivores. While native forb cover was elevated in plots that permitted herbivores, plots near the fire edge experienced increased herbivory pressure and lower cover of most plants. Despite modifications in plant assemblages, we did not observe differences in soil microbe abundances, fungi assemblage structure, or nutrient concentrations. We suggest that restoration practitioners consider caging 'shrub regeneration' areas to facilitate post-fire CSS recovery.