Continuum finite element analysis generalizes in vivo trabecular bone microstructural strength measures between two CT scanners with different image resolution.

Fragility of trabecular bone (Tb) microstructure is increased in osteoporosis, which is associated with rapid bone loss and enhanced fracture-risk. Accurate assessment of Tb strength usingimaging available in clinical settings will be significant for management of osteoporosis and understanding its pathogenesis. Emerging CT technology, featured with high image resolution, fast scan-speed, and wide clinical access, is a promising alternative forTb imaging. However, variation in image resolution among different CT scanners pose a major hurdle in CT-based bone studies. This paper presents nonlinear continuum finite element (FE) methods for computation of Tb strength fromCT imaging and evaluates their generalizability between two scanners with different image resolution. Continuum FE-based measures of Tb strength under different loading conditions were found to be highly reproducible (ICC ≥ 0.93) using ankle images of twenty healthy volunteers acquired on low- and high-resolution CT scanners 44.6 ± 2.7 days apart. FE stress propagation was mostly confined to Tb micro-network (2.3 ± 1.7 MPa) with nominal leakages over the marrow space (0.4 ± 0.5 MPa) complying with the fundamental principle of mechanics atimaging. In summary, nonlinear continuum FE-based Tb strength measures are reproducible among different CT scanners and suitable for multi-site longitudinal human studies.