Modified biochar prepared from Retinervus luffae fructus for dyes adsorption and aerobic sludge granulation.

Retinervus luffae fructus biochar (RLFB) and ZnCl2 pretreated Retinervus luffae fructus biochar (ZRLFB) were prepared by pyrolysis. The as-prepared biochar was investigated for its applicability as a dye adsorber using sunset yellow (SY) and basic red 46 (BR46) dyes. Additionally, ZRLFB was used for the experimental cultivation of granular sludge. The results indicated that the adsorption effect of ZRLFB on the two dyes was higher than RLFB. The adsorption of RLFB to SY was related to the Langmuir and Freundlich models, whereas the adsorption of RLFB-BR46, ZRLFB-SY, and ZRLFB-BR46 was more in line with the Langmuir model. The adsorption process of dyes on two kinds of biochars can be described using pseudo-second-order mechanisms. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 1.9586 (RLFB-SY), 6.1286 (RLFB-BR46), 49.2611 (ZRLFB-SY), and 181.4882 mg g-1 (RLFB-BR46). The result of the SBR operation showed that ZRLFB can potentially be applied as the core of aerobic granular sludge.