Periodontal ligament cells mobilized by transforming growth factor-beta 1 and migrated without stimuli showed enhanced osteogenic differentiation.

Both agents were able to mobilize stem cells from the periodontal ligament, but G-CSF did not show an advantage, whereas TGF-β1 appears to direct the cells towards a state of increased osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, spontaneous cell migration through a membrane was sufficient to enrich the cell population.