Doping TiO2 with Fe from iron rusty waste for enhancing its activity under visible light in the Congo red dye photodegradation

An afford to enhance TiO2 activity under visible light as well as to utilize the iron rusty waste, has been conducted by doping Fe from the waste into TiO2. The doping was performed by sol-gel method of titania tetra isopropoxide with Fe3+ ions dissolved from the iron rust waste. In the doping, the concentration of Fe3+ was varied giving various mole ratios of TiO2:Fe. The doped TiO2 photocatalysts were characterized using FTIR, XRD, SRUV, and SEM-EDX instruments. The photocatalytic activity of the doped TiO2 was evaluated by photodegradation of Congo red under visible light. The effect of some parameters that govern the photodegradation process such as the amount of Fe dopant, reaction time, photocatalyst mass, solution pH, and initial concentration of dye was also studied. The characterization results reveal that Fe3+ ions from the rusty waste have been doped into TiO2 which can remarkably narrow the band gap energy (Eg), shifting into the visible zone. In accordance, the activity of TiO2 under visible light in the dye photodegradation is considerably enhanced. The Eg decreasing and actively improving the doped TiO2 are controlled by the amount of Fe dopant, and the most effective Eg decreasing is shown by TiO2–Fe (1:0.8), but the highest activity is observed for TiO2–Fe (1:0.4). It is also found that the highest photodegradation of Congo red 5 mg/L in 50 mL of the solution over TiO2–Fe (1:0.4) under visible light, that is about 99