Evaluation of Optic Disc Edema in Long-Duration Spaceflight Crewmembers Using Retinal Photography.

These findings demonstrate intergrader and intragrader variability when using the Frisén scale to identify SANS-induced ODE, which is typically milder in presentation than terrestrial cases of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. It is possible to miss early ODE on fundoscopy alone, making it insufficient as a sole criterion for the diagnosis of SANS. A more sensitive and objective method of surveillance is necessary to monitor international crewmembers for ODE, perhaps using a multimodal approach that includes technology such as optical coherence tomography.