Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Lipidomics in the Assessment of Cardiometabolic Risk in Type 1 Diabetes: An Exploratory Analysis

Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, there is a need for daily practice tools for identifying those more prone to suffer from these events. We aimed to assess the relationships between nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR)-based lipidomic analysis and several CVD risk variables (including preclinical carotid atherosclerosis) in individuals with T1D at high risk. Methods We included patients with T1D without CVD, with at least one of the following: age ≥ 40 years, diabetic kidney disease, or ≥ 10 years of evolution with another risk factor. The presence of plaque (intima-media thickness > 1.5 mm) was determined by standardized ultrasonography protocol. Lipidomic analysis was performed by 1 H NMR. Bivariate and multivariate-adjusted differences in 1 H NMR lipidomics were evaluated. Results We included n = 131 participants (49.6% female, age 46.4 ± 10.3 years, diabetes duration 27.0 ± 9.5 years, 47.3% on statins). Carotid plaques were present in 28.2% of the individuals ( n = 12, with ≥ 3 plaques). Glucose (HbA1c), anthropometric (body mass index and waist circumference), and insulin resistance-related (fatty liver index and estimated glucose disposal rate) variables were those most associated with 1 H NMR-derived lipidomic analysis ( p < 0.01 for all). Regarding preclinical atherosclerosis, sphingomyelin was independently associated with carotid plaque presence (for 0.1 mmol/L increase, OR 0.50 [0.28–0.86]; p = 0.013), even after adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, statin use, mean 5-year HbA1c and diabetes duration. Furthermore, linoleic acid and ω-6 fatty acids remained independently associated with higher plaque burden (≥ 3 plaques) in multivariate models (0.17 [0.03–0.93] and 0.27 [0.07–0.97], respectively; p < 0.05 for both). Conclusion In our preliminary study of individuals with T1D at high risk, several 1 H NMR-derived lipidomic parameters were independently associated with preclinical atherosclerosis. Specifically, ω-6 fatty acids and linoleic acid seem promising for identifying those with higher plaque burden.