Comparison of the clinical features and treatment outcomes of pilocytic astrocytoma in pediatric and adult patients

Purpose Pilocytic astrocytoma is a slow-growing tumor that predominantly develops in children, but has a broad age spectrum. A notable characteristic of pilocytic astrocytoma is that the tumor arises in diverse locations and the clinical course is not always benign. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the clinical spectrum of the disease and analyze the relevant prognostic factors. Methods Demographic and treatment-related factors were retrospectively reviewed in a cohort of 254 patients with histologically confirmed pilocytic astrocytoma. Clinical features were compared between the pediatric group ( N = 208; age < 18 years) and the adult group ( N = 46; age ≥ 18 years). Cox regression analysis was performed to identify relevant prognostic factors. Results There was no difference in progression-free survival (PFS) between the pediatric and adult groups ( p = 0.36); however, patients under 8 years of age exhibited worse PFS ( p < 0.01). Leptomeningeal seeding at diagnosis and pilomyxoid histology was observed only in pediatric patients. In the pediatric group, nine patients experienced recurrence after complete resection. Increasing age (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.89, p < 0.01) and adjuvant therapy (HR = 0.32, p < 0.01) were protective factors against tumor progression. In the adult group, no progression occurred after complete resection. Age and adjuvant therapy were not significant factors in the adult group. Conclusion Pilocytic astrocytoma presents with a diverse clinical spectrum. Complete resection is of utmost importance, and appropriate adjuvant treatment is recommended if complete resection cannot be achieved. Children with younger age are associated with more aggressive tumors, and recurrence may occur even after complete resection.