Characterization of Neuropsychological Outcomes in a Cohort of Pediatric Patients with Moyamoya Arteriopathy

Introduction Moyamoya arteriopathy is a severe, progressive cerebral arteriopathy that places affected children at high risk for stroke. Moyamoya has been associated with a range of neuropsychological deficits in adults, but data on many cognitive domains remain limited in the pediatric population and little is known about the neuropsychological profile of children with syndromic moyamoya.Methods This is a single-center, retrospective cohort study of children with moyamoya arteriopathy followed at our center who underwent neuropsychological testing between 2003 and 2021. Test scores were extracted from neuropsychological reports. Medical records were reviewed with attention to individual neuropsychological test results, medical comorbidities, presence of infarct(s) on neuroimaging, and history of clinical ischemic stroke.Results Of the 83 children with moyamoya followed at our center between 2003 and 2021, 13 had completed neuropsychological testing across multiple cognitive domains. Compared to age-based normative data, children in this sample had lower scores in overall intelligence ( p = 0.003), global executive functioning ( p = 0.005), and overall adaptive functioning ( p = 0.015). There was no significant difference in overall intelligence between children with ( n = 6) versus without ( n = 7) a history of clinical stroke ( p = 0.368), though children with any radiographic infarct scored lower in this domain ( p = 0.032).Conclusion In our cohort, children with moyamoya demonstrated impaired intelligence and executive functioning, even in the absence of clinical stroke. Neuropsychological evaluation should be considered standard of care for all children with moyamoya, even those without a history of clinical stroke.