Correction: Fermentation and recovery of cellobiose lipids using foam fractionation

Cellobiose lipids (CL) are glycolipids secreted by many Ustilaginaceae species in aerobic fermentations characterised by excessive foaming. While increasing CL concentrations remains an aim for its industrial production, excessive foaming during fermentation presents a challenge even at laboratory scale. Foam fractionation (FF) provides a solution to the foaming problem and facilitates the proceeding purification of CL. Here, we present a first CL fermentation process applying FF. With our set-up, we manage to exploit the excessive foaming for continuous product separation. The set-up includes a foam collecting vessel (FCV) with inserts for CL accumulation and foamate recirculation to minimise biomass and nutrient loss. Integrating a foam column (FC) into the fermenter headspace enabled foam enrichment, resulting in the recovery of > 90% of the produced CL from the separated fractions consisting of foam depositions in the fermenter headspace and the FCV. We also increased the fermenter filling volume and thus achieved a higher fermentation capacity. The separated CL fraction was purified via ethanol extraction to obtain CL with purities > 90%. We further examined the effects of different culture media constituents, including biomass and CL, on foam generation and decay and assessed the effect of FC geometries on product enrichment and recovery. In this work, a FF set-up is presented that enables a stable CL fermentation without additional foam mitigation methods. At the same time, the application of FF separated a fraction that was highly enriched in CL during fermentation, resulting in highly pure CL after a simple ethanol extraction.