Xtrace: making the most of every sample in stochastic trace estimation

The implicit trace estimation problem asks for an approximation of the trace of a square matrix, accessed via matrix-vector products (matvecs). This paper designs new randomized algorithms, XTRACE and XNYsTRACE, for the trace estimation problem by exploiting both variance reduction and the exchangeability principle. For a fixed budget of matvecs, numerical experiments show that the new methods can achieve errors that are orders of magnitude smaller than existing algorithms, such as the Girard-Hutchinson estimator or the Hutch++ estimator. A theoretical analysis confirms the benefits by offering a precise description of the performance of these algorithms as a function of the spectrum of the input matrix. The paper also develops an exchangeable estimator, XDiag, for approximating the diagonal of a square matrix using matvecs.