Long-term biofiltration of gaseous N,N-dimethylformamide: Operational performance and microbial diversity analysis at different conditions

N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is an organic solvent produced in large quantities worldwide. It is considered as a hazardous air pollutant and its emission should be controlled. However, only a limited number of studies have been performed on the removal of gaseous DMF by biological technologies. In this paper, we evaluate the removal of DMF under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions in a lab-scale biofilter for 472 days. The results show that, at ambient temperature, the biofilter achieved an average removal efficiency (RE) of 99.7 +/- 0.3 % at Inlet Loads (ILs) up to 297 +/- 52 g DFM m- 3 h-1 (Empty Bed Residence Time (EBRTs) of 10.7 s). However, a decrease in EBRT (6.4 s) led to an unstable outlet concentration and, thus, to a drop in the biofilter performance (average RE: 90 +/- 9 %). Moreover, an increase in temperature up to 65 degrees C led to a gradual decrease in RE (till 91 +/- 7 %). Microbial analysis indicates that once the microorganisms encountered DMF, Rhizobiaceae dominated followed by Alcaligenaceae. Afterwards, a strong decrease in Rhizobiaceae was observed at every increase in temperature, and at 65 degrees C, the taxa were more heterogeneous. Overall, our experimental results indicate that biofiltration is a promising technique to remove DMF from waste gas streams.