Phase-modulated continuous-wave coherent ranging method for optical phased array Lidar: supplementary material

Light detection and ranging (lidar) is widely accepted as an indispensable sensor for autonomous vehicles. There are two fundamental challenges in a lidar system: optical beam steering technique and ranging method. Optical phased array (OPA) is considered as one of the most promising beam steering schemes due to its solid state, compact size, and high reliability. As for ranging method, time-of-flight and frequency-modulate continuous-wave (FMCW) are commonly utilized in numerous research. However, they are impractical to commercial OPA lidar due to either requiring excessive optical power or the poor stability, high complexity, and high insertion loss of the FMCW source. As a result, the development of OPA lidars is significantly hindered by the lack of a feasible ranging method. In this paper, we present a phase-modulated continuous-wave (PhMCW) ranging method with excellent ranging accuracy and precision. Ranging error as low as 0.1 cm and precision on the order of 3.5 cm are achieved. In addition, theoretical and experimental study on simultaneous velocity measurement is carried out and velocity error as low as 0.15 cm/s is obtained. Finally, we develop a proof-of-concept OPA-PhMCW lidar and obtain a point cloud with excellent fidelity. Our work paves a novel approach to solid-state, cost-effective and high-performance OPA lidars.