Invasive Australian swamp stonecrop ( Crassula helmsii ) negatively affects spawning but accelerates larval growth of the endangered natterjack toad ( Epidalea calamita )

The invasive Crassula helmsii is rapidly expanding in Europe. Several ecological effects are described, most of which focus on ecosystem functioning and native vegetation but rarely on fauna. In North-western Europe, C. helmsii often invades the breeding habitat of endangered amphibians, such as Epidalea calamita. The spawning rate, egg survival and the speed of larval growth of this toad species in relation to the presence of C. helmsii were studied. In order to unravel causal mechanisms, effects on natterjack toads were related to the effects of C. helmsii presence/absence on temperature and chemical properties of the water . Spawning and egg survival were significantly lower under C . helmsii dominance compared to bare soil conditions, and negatively affected the population size of E. calamita . However, larval growth rate was significantly higher in C. helmsii dominated treatments, which could be beneficial. Differences in water temperature and chemistry were a possible explanation for these effects. It remains unclear whether the population viability of E. calamita is negatively affected when C. helmsii is present. In many areas, however, this plant species completely overgrows and causes desiccation of waterbodies. Therefore, appropriate management measures will be required to protect this toad against this invader.