Synthesis of far-from-equilibrium materials for extreme environments

The search for materials that meet contemporary engineering challenges requires the exploration of structures only found beyond those achieved through conventional synthesis and processing techniques. These far-from-equilibrium materials are achievable through the application of one or multiple coupled extreme environments, allowing the systems to be kinetically trapped, or meta-equilibrated, in unique conditions across several length scales during processing. Here, we provide an overview of how coupled extreme environments, such as high temperature, high load or shear, irradiation and oxidation, may lead to the formation of materials with unique hierarchical microstructures with tolerance to harsh conditions beyond the capabilities of conventional materials. We discuss fundamentals, challenges, and opportunities of unprecedented performances for metals, oxides, and boride ceramics highlighting the distinctive characteristics that make these far-from-equilibrium materials exceptional for use in fields where multiple extreme conditions are met, such as the aerospace, nuclear energy, and energy-storage applications. Graphical abstract