Agricultural biomass-based carbon cathode materials for lithium-sulfur batteries: A systematic review

Activated carbon-cathode materials have garnered significant attention in recent years for application in lithium-sulfur batteries due to their outstanding polysulfide adsorption capabilities. The discharge capacities of various activated carbon cathodes originating from agricultural biomass are collated in this systematic review. The effects of process parameters, such as carbonization method, doping material, types of activating agents, impregnation ratio, activation temperature, and activation time, are systematically discussed based on the literature data. The influences of surface morphology produced from agricultural biomass on the discharge capacity are also summarized. The current advancements of different types of porous structures, such as micro, meso, and hierarchical, in lithium-sulfur batteries are critically assessed to provide a thorough understanding for a rational design of high-performance cathode materials. Finally, the challenges and considerations of utilizing carbon material from agricultural biomass as a cathode material in lithium-sulfur batteries are also addressed in this paper.