Nanoscale calcium oxide and its biomedical applications: A comprehensive review

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), microbial resistance to antibiotic drugs is one of the serious problems in the medical domain globally. There are multiple antibiotic drugs are available in the market but due to the emergence of Multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) and their biofilm formation, they are not that sufficient. These two obstacles are the big reasons for the inclined rate of microbial illnesses in the world. So it is very crucial to recognize other nanoparticles based drug options with better efficacy to control the spreading of MDR strains and their biofilm formation. Presently metal-based nanoparticles are gaining global awareness regarding their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Among metal-based nanoparticles, Calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO-NPs) could evolve as a possible medicinal alternative for controlling microbial populations through their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which ultimately lead to the death of the microbes.This review offers an in-depth study on all the current findings related to various methods of CaO-NPs synthesis, their applications in different industrial domains and special involvement in biofilm inhibition. Moreover, there is a detailed section of cytotoxicity study to understand the species-specific requirement of CaO-NPs along with current challenges, and future prospects. Moreover, in silico studies were conducted against the Fe–Mn Superoxide dismutase enzyme of E. coli to explain the potential mechanism behind these antibacterial actions.