Pelvic floor physical therapy in patients with chronic anal fissure: long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial

Background Chronic anal fissure is a common benign anorectal disease with a high recurrence rate. Pelvic floor physical therapy has been proven effective in the short-term management in patients with chronic anal fissure and pelvic floor dysfunction (PAF-trial). The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes of the PAF-trial and fissure recurrence in patients who completed the 2 months of pelvic floor physical therapy at 1-year follow-up. Methods Electromyographic registration of the pelvic floor, digital rectal examination, visual analog scales, patient-related outcome measurements, and quality of life were assessed at baseline and at 1-year after inclusion. The primary outcome was muscle tone at rest during electromyographic registration of the pelvic floor at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Secondary outcomes contained fissure recurrence, pain ratings, pelvic floor dysfunction, complaint reduction measured with a proctology specific patient-reported outcome measurement, and quality of life. Results The treatment protocol was followed by 133 patients. Ninety-seven patients (71%) completed the 1-year follow-up, 48 women (49.5%) and 49 men (50.5%) with a mean age of 44.4 ± 11.6 years (range 19–68). In the total group of patients, mean resting electromyographic values of the pelvic floor significantly improved from baseline to follow-up at 1 year (mean estimated difference 2.20 μV; 95% CI, 1.79 to 2.61; p < 0.001). After 1 year, the fissure recurred in 15 patients (15.5%). VAS-pain significantly decreased from baseline to follow-up (mean estimated difference 4.16; 95% CI, 3.75 to 4.58; p < 0.001). Dyssynergia was found in 72.9% at baseline and decreased to 14.4% at 1-year follow-up ( p < 0.001). Complaint reduction measured with the Proctoprom significantly improved from baseline to 1-year follow-up ( p < 0.001). Quality of life (RAND-36) significantly improved in eight of nine domains at 1-year follow-up. No significant improvement was found in the domain vitality. Conclusions In the PAF-trial, we demonstrated that pelvic floor physical therapy yields a significant and clinical benefit in the time course and therefore should be advocated as adjuvant conservative treatment in patients with chronic anal fissure. Trial registration The trial is registered at the Dutch Trial registry (NTR7581) https://trialsearch.who.int