Investigation of the diameter-dependent piezoelectric response of semiconducting ZnO nanowires by Piezoresponse Force Microscopy and FEM simulations.

Semiconducting piezoelectric nanowires (NWs) are promising candidates to develop highly efficient mechanical energy transducers made of biocompatible and non-critical materials. The increasing interest in mechanical energy harvesting makes the investigation of the competition between piezoelectricity, free carrier screening and depletion in semiconducting NWs essential. To date, this topic has scarcely been investigated because of the experimental challenges raised by the characterization of the direct piezoelectric effect in these nanostructures. Here we get rid of these limitations using the PFM technique in DataCube mode and measuring the effective piezoelectric coefficient through the converse piezoelectric effect. We demonstrate a sharp increase in the effective piezoelectric coefficient of vertically aligned ZnO NWs as their radius decreases. We also present a numerical model that quantitatively explains this behavior by taking into account both the dopants and the surface traps. These results have a strong impact on the characterization and optimization of mechanical energy transducers based on vertically aligned semiconducting NWs.