An Open MAS/IoT-Based Architecture for Large-Scale V2G/G2V.

In this paper we put forward an open multi-agent systems (MAS) architecture for the important and challenging to engineer vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) energy transfer problem domains. To promote scalability, our solution is provided in the form of modular microservices that are interconnected using a multi-protocol Internet of Things (IoT) platform. On the one hand, the low-level modularity of Smart Grid services allows the seamless integration of different agent strategies, pricing mechanisms and algorithms; and on the other, the IoT-based implementation offers both direct applicability in real-world settings, as well as advanced analytics capabilities by enabling digital twins models for Smart Grid ecosystems. We describe our MAS/IoT-based architecture and present results from simulations that incorporate large numbers of heterogeneous Smart Grid agents, which might follow different strategies for their decision making tasks. Our framework enables the testing of various schemes in simulation mode, and can also be used as the basis for the implementation of real-world prototypes for the delivery of large-scale V2G/G2V services.