Measuring UID smuggling in the wild.

This work presents a systematic study of UID smuggling, an emerging tracking technique that is designed to evade browsers' privacy protections. Browsers are increasingly attempting to prevent cross-site tracking by partitioning the storage where trackers store user identifiers (UIDs). UID smuggling allows trackers to synchronize UIDs across sites by inserting UIDs into users' navigation requests. Trackers can thus regain the ability to aggregate users' activities and behaviors across sites, in defiance of browser protections. In this work, we introduce CrumbCruncher, a system for measuring UID smuggling in the wild by crawling the Web. Crumb-Cruncher provides several improvements over prior work on identifying UIDs and measuring tracking via Web crawling, including in distinguishing UIDs from session IDs, handling dynamic Web content, and synchronizing multiple crawlers. We use CrumbCruncher to measure the frequency of UID smuggling on the Web, and find that UID smuggling is present on more than eight percent of all navigations that we made. Furthermore, we perform an analysis of the entities involved in UID smuggling, and discuss their methods and possible motivations. We discuss how our findings can be used to protect users from UID smuggling, and release both our complete dataset and our measurement pipeline to aid in protection efforts.