Emerging themes and future directions in watershed resilience research

•A review of ecological, social, engineering, and integrative approaches to define and apply resilience thinking in watersheds is presented and comparatively discussed in the context of watershed adaptive management.•This literature review is coupled with a collection of research questions compiled through a series of stakeholder engagement activities aimed at identifying knowledge gaps in watershed resilience.•A proposed research agenda on watershed resilience is derived describing key areas of inquiry and a set of research questions on this topic of global importance.•The study of resilience in watersheds presents an important opportunity for the convergence of research in related areas such as social-ecological-hydrological systems, water resources engineering and management, nature-based solutions, resilience thinking applied to water security and developing a resilience focus in adaptive watershed management.