How can ecosystem status be more comprehensively reflected? A case study of Jinan City, China.

Ecosystems provide benefits to human well-being, but highly concentrated human activities also cause environmental pressure. Previous studies focused only on one aspect: either ecosystem services (ESs) or ecosystem damage (ED). To provide comprehensive view of ecosystem status in the selected study area, an integrated ecosystem performance analytic framework was established based on the ED-ESs synergistic effect. This study quantitatively analyzed the dynamic variation in ecosystem status from both ED and ESs perspectives with a case study of Jinan City, China, from 2000 to 2020. The results showed that the environmental and economic impacts caused by pollution were 692.87 species.year and $15.58 × 108 in 2020, respectively, and they were mainly derived from energy consumption. Regarding ESs, three regulating services (water retention, soil retention, and carbon sequestration) increased from south to north, whereas material services presented the opposite trend. Ecosystem service value had declined after peaking in 2010 when material services contributed the most. Overall, the Jinan City suffered from ecosystem decline, with ecosystem performance on a downward trend from 2000 to 2020. Finally, the characterization factors of four ESs were appropriately incorporated into the life cycle impact assessment to drive the evolution in ecosystem performance calculations.