Advancing Raman techniques for ocean applications

Raman spectroscopy has been extensively used in various fields on land while ocean applications remain few mainly because of the weak Raman effect (scattering cross section 10(-30) cm(2)), sample fluorescence and technological issues. The aim of the current study is to provide a summary of the Raman optimization opportunities via the applications of special techniques for signal enhancement, choice of application-tailored instrumentation and data processing.