Outcomes of neutropenic hemato-oncological patients with viridans group streptococci (VGS) bloodstream infection based on penicillin susceptibility

Viridans group streptococci (VGS) bloodstream infection (BSI) in neutropenic patients can be a severe complication. A higher prevalence of vancomycin use has been reported due to reduced susceptibility to penicillin. We aimed to assess the impact on mortality of both penicillin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the use of vancomycin. We conducted a retrospective multicenter study including consecutive neutropenic patients with VGS BSI between 2007 and 2019. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted to evaluate risk factors for mortality, including penicillin susceptibility as an independent variable. Non-susceptibility to penicillin was defined as MIC ≥ 0.25. We included 125 neutropenic patients with VGS BSI. Mean age was 53 years and ~ 50% were women. Overall, 30-day mortality rate was 25/125 (20%), and 41 patients (33%) had a VGS isolate non-susceptible to penicillin. In univariable analysis, no significant association was demonstrated between penicillin non-susceptibility and mortality (9/25, 26% vs. 32/100, 32%, p = 0.81). Among patients with a non-susceptible strain, the use of vancomycin was not significantly associated with mortality (empirical, p = 0.103, or definitive therapy, p = 0.491). Factors significantly associated with increased mortality in multivariable analysis included functional status (ECOG > 1, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 12.53, 95% CI 3.64–43.14; p < 0.0001); allogeneic transplantation (aOR 6.33, 95% CI 1.96–20.46; p = 0.002); and co-pathogen in blood cultures (aOR 3.99, 95% CI 1.34–11.89; p = 0.013). Among neutropenic hemato-oncological patients with VGS BSI, penicillin non-susceptibility and the use of vancomycin were not associated with mortality. Thus, vancomycin should not be used routinely as empirical therapy in neutropenic patients with suspected VGS BSI.