Physiologically-Based Kinetic Modeling Predicts Similar In Vivo Relative Potency of Senecionine N-Oxide for Rat and Human at Realistic Low Exposure Levels.

The REP value can be dose- and species-dependent, with the values for rat and human being comparable at low realistic exposure scenarios. In summary, PBK modeling serves as a valuable New Approach Methodology (NAM) tool for predicting REP values of PA-N-oxides and may actually result in more accurate REP values for human risk assessment than what would be defined using in vivo animal experiments.