Optimal Utilization of the Electric Vehicle in a Various Market Approach

In order to reduce greenhouse gases, it is necessary to transit to renewable energy sources and electric vehicles. The electricity consumer becomes a prosumer by installing a distributed generation from renewable energy sources or providing ancillary services to the system. The prosumer can buy energy from the grid when needed and sell the excess energy to the grid. However, current market conditions encourage prosumers to maximize self-consumption because the price when buying electricity is significantly higher than the price of selling electricity to the grid. This paper proposes and compares two market models for end customers with their own electricity generation currently applied in Croatia. The first model consists of electricity generation, an electric vehicle, and stationary battery storage. The second model features electricity generation and an electric vehicle, and the grid operates similarly to energy storage. The research is aimed at reducing investment and operating costs. The results show that savings can be achieved without additional investment in energy storage to increase flexibility depending on the chosen market model.