Advancing understanding of the taxonomy and diversity of the genus Contracaecum in the great white pelican ( Pelecanus onocrotalus )

Despite the wide distribution and health importance of anisakids of the genus Contracaecum , epidemiological data on their occurrence in definitive bird hosts are scarce, particularly from certain parts of the world that represent important wintering sites or migration stopovers for different bird species. In the present study, Contracaecum spp. infecting six great white pelicans ( Pelecanus onocrotalus ) in Israel were identified using light and scanning electron microscopy and phylogenetic analyses of nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase II ( cox 2). A PCR–RFLP method was also developed and applied to screen large numbers of Contracaecum parasites. Most (415/455) worms recovered were C. micropapillatum , followed by C. gibsoni (31/455), C. quadripapillatum (8/455), and C. multipapillatum E (1/455). Contracaecum micropapillatum from Israel and C. bancrofti from Australia are distinguishable by cox 2 but less well resolved with ITS sequences, and could not be distinguished morphologically. Worms with cox 2 matching C. gibsoni had ITS matching specimens identified as C. multipapillatum A. To the authors’ knowledge, this represents the first of such studies in Israel and provides useful data on the ecology and distribution of different Contracaecum species of health and economic interest.