The CO₂ profile and analytical model for the Pioneer Venus Large Probe neutral mass spectrometer

We present a significantly updated CO2 altitude profile for Venus (64.2-0.9 km) and provide support for a po-tential deep lower atmospheric haze of particles (<= 17 km). We extracted this information by developing a new analytical model for mass spectra obtained by the Pioneer Venus Large Probe (PVLP) Neutral Mass Spectrometer (LNMS). Our model accounts for changes in LNMS configuration and output during descent and enables the disentanglement of isobaric species via a data fitting routine that adjusts for mass-dependent changes in peak shape. The model yields CO2 in units of density (kg m(-3)), isotope ratios for C-13/C-12 and O-18/O-16, and 14 measures of CO2 density across 55.4-0.9 km, which represents the most complete altitude profile for CO2 at <= 60 km to date. The CO2 density profile is also consistent with the pressure, temperature, and volumetric gas measurements from the PVLP and VeNeRa spacecraft. Nominal and low-noise operations for the LNMS mass analyzer are supported by the behaviors (e.g., ionization yields, fragmentation yields, and peak shapes) of several internal standards (e.g., CH3+, CH4+, Ar-40(+), Xe-136(2+), and Xe-136(+)), which were tracked across the descent. Lastly, our review of the CO2 profile and LNMS spectra reveals hitherto unreported partial and rapidly clearing clogs of the inlet in the lower atmosphere, along with several ensuing data spikes at multiple masses. Together, these observations suggest that atmospheric intake was impacted by particles at <= 17 km and that rapid particle degradation at the inlet yielded a temporary influx of mass signals into the LNMS.