Taxonomic discoveries enabled by genomic analysis of butterflies.

The comparative genomics of butterflies yields additional insights into their phylogeny and classification that are compiled here. As a result, 3 genera, 5 subgenera, 5 species, and 3 subspecies are proposed as new, i.e., in Hesperiidae: Grishin, (type species O. Mielke, 1980), Grishin and Lamas, (type species Draudt, 1923), and Grishin, (type species Godman, 1900); in Lycaenidae: Grishin, (type species Grum-Grshimailo, 1891) and Grishin, (type species Westwood, 1852); in Hesperiidae: Grishin, (type species Plötz, 1884), Grishin, (type species Constantino and Salazar, 2013), and Grishin, (type species Godman, 1900); Grishin, (Nymphalidae; type locality in Mexico: Oaxaca); in Hesperiidae: Grishin and Lamas, (type locality in Peru: Apurímac), Grishin, (type locality in Brazil: Amazonas), Grishin, (Hesperiidae; type locality in Brazil: Rondônia), and Grishin, (Hesperiidae; type locality in Peru: Cuzco); in Pieridae: Grishin, (type locality in USA: Texas, Cameron Co.) and Grishin, (type locality in USA: New Mexico, Lincoln Co.), and Grishin, (Nymphalidae; type locality in USA: New Mexico, Sandoval Co.). Reuss, [1926] and Reuss, [1926] are unavailable names. are designated for Hübner, [1825] (type locality in Brazil) and Cramer, 1775 (type locality becomes USA: Pennsylvania, Montgomery Co., Flourtown). Hübner, [1825] becomes a junior objective synonym of Godart, 1819, currently a junior subjective synonym of (Cramer, 1777). are designated for Plötz, 1886 (type locality in Indonesia: Seram Island), Mabille, 1891 (type locality Colombia: Bogota), Godman, 1901 and Godman, 1900 (type locality in Mexico: Tabasco), Grote & Robinson, 1867 (type locality in USA: Georgia), Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, and Herrich-Schäffer, 1869; the type localities of the last two species, together with Skinner, 1896 and (Hewitson, 1877), are deduced to be in South America. Type locality of Grishin, 2020 is in Sinaloa, not Sonora (Mexico). Abdomen is excluded from the holotype of (Staudinger, 1876). Furthermore, a number of taxonomic changes are proposed. Koçak, 1992 is treated as a subgenus, not a synonym of Dalman, 1816. The following genera are treated as subgenera: Grishin, 2020 of [Fabricius], 1807, Real, 1971 of D'Almeida, 1938, D'Almeida, 1928 of Boisduval, 1870, and Godman, 1901 of Godman, 1900. (Cramer, 1775) is not a but a valid species. The following are species-level taxa (not subspecies or synonyms of taxa given in parenthesis): (Lucas, 1866) and (Boisduval, 1852) (not (Linnaeus, 1761), (W. H. Edwards, 1870) (not (Boisduval, 1852)), (W. H. Edwards, 1882) (not (Butler, 1870)), (Haensch, 1909), (not Haensch, 1909, ), W. H. Edwards, 1870 (not Boisduval, 1869), Behr, 1862 (not (Fabricius, 1775)), (Cramer, 1777) (not ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)), J. Scott, 1998 (not (W. H. Edwards, 1864)), Gatrelle, 2004 and J. Scott, 1998 (not (Cramer, 1777)), J. Scott, 1998 (not (Drury, 1773)), J. Scott, 1994 (not (Reakirt, [1866])), (W. H. Edwards, 1861) (not (Boisduval, 1852)), L. Miller, 1972 and L. Miller, 1972 (not (Reakirt, [1867])), (R. Chermock, 1949), (L. Miller, 1976), and (L. Miller, 1976) (not (W. H. Edwards, 1871)), (Hewitson, 1876) (not (Cramer, 1777)), (Lindsey, 1925) (not (Cramer, 1775), Godman & Salvin, 1895 (not (Stoll, 1780)), Treadaway & Nuyda, 1994, Evans, 1949, (Mabille, 1893), and (Plötz, 1885) (not (Hewitson, 1876)), (Mabille, 1889) (not (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)), J. Scott, 2017 (not W. H. Edwards, 1881), Scudder, 1872, (Plötz, 1886), and (Evans, 1955) (not (Geyer, 1832)), (W. H. Edwards, 1863) (not (Boisduval, 1852)), Godman, 1900 (not (Hübner, [1829]), ), (Hayward, 1938) and Bell, 1942 (not Godman, 1900), (Lindsey, 1925) (not (Godman, 1900)), (Grote & Robinson, 1867) (not (Latreille, [1824])), (Dyar, 1918) and Evans, 1955 (not (Plötz, 1882)), Möschler, 1879 (not Hewitson, 1877), and (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (not (Hewitson, 1866)). (Plötz, 1886), is not a synonym of (Pagenstecher, 1884) but a valid subspecies. W. H. Edwards, 1870 and J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 2012 are subspecies, not species. The following are junior subjective synonyms: Beuret, 1958 of Scudder, 1872, Mattoni, 1981 of Bethune-Baker, 1916, Butler, 1897 of Scudder, 1876, Godman & Salvin, 1886 of Hewitson, 1874, Mabille, 1891 of (Plötz, 1886), Elwes & J. Edwards, 1897 of (Plötz, 1886), W. Kirby, 1837 of (Cramer, 1775), and Skinner & R. Williams, 1923 of (Grote & Robinson, 1867). The following transfers are proposed: of species between genera (i.e., revised genus-species combinations): (Trimen, 1864) (not Watson, 1893), Evans, 1937 (not Grishin, 2022), (Evans, 1937) and (Berger, 1962) (not Watson, 1893), (Hübner, [1829]) (not Godman, 1900), (Steinhauser, 2008) (not Godman, 1900), (Steinhauser, 2008) (not Evans, 1955), (Evans, 1955) (not Evans, 1955), and (Salazar & Constantino, 2013) (not Godman, 1901); of subspecies between species (i.e., revised species-subspecies combinations): W. H. Edwards, 1870 of (Boisduval, 1852) (not (W. H. Edwards, 1874)) and Johnson & Matusik, 1988 of (Fabricius, 1793); and junior subjective synonym transferred between species: Strand, 1921 of (A. Butler, 1877), not (Hewitson, 1876), Skinner, 1896 of (Plötz, 1886), not Scudder, 1872, and Möschler, 1883 of (Scudder, 1872), not (W. H. Edwards, 1863). Proposed taxonomic changes result in additional revised species-subspecies combinations: (Holland, 1892), (Hy. Edwards, 1877), Austin, 1998, (W. H. Edwards, 1882), (F. Grinnell, 1917), W. H. Edwards, 1874, W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913, W. H. Edwards, 1883, Marrone, Spomer & J. Scott, 2008, W. H. Edwards, 1872, W. H. Edwards, 1881, W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913, (dos Passos & Grey, 1945), (F. Chermock & Frechin, 1947), (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998), (W. Holland, 1928), Kohler, 1977, (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1925), (W. Holland, 1928), (Huard, 1927), (W. Holland, 1928), J. Scott, 1994, J. Scott, 2006, and (Gaviria, Siewert, Mielke & Casagrande, 2018). Specimen curated as the holotype of Reuss, [1926] is (dos Passos & Grey, 1945) (not Behr, 1862) from USA: Utah, Provo. A synonymic list of available genus-group names for Lycaeninae [Leach], [1815] is given. Unless stated otherwise, all subgenera, species, subspecies and synonyms of mentioned genera and species are transferred with their parent taxa, and others remain as previously classified.