The Nature of Cognitive Test Anxiety: An Investigation of the Factor Structure of the Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale

The Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale (CTAS) is a unidimensional scale designed to measure the cognitive aspect of test anxiety. The instrument has been adapted in several countries, and convincing psychometric properties have been found; however, uncertainties remain regarding its factor structure. Therefore, the aim of this study is twofold: to revise the instrument's factor structure and to investigate the state or trait nature of the construct. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the CTAS includes three dimensions: general worry, freezing up, and fear of failure. The reliability measures of the subscales showed appropriate values and validity evidence supported the multidimensionality of the CTAS. Finally, the state or trait nature of the construct was studied through an investigation of the effect taking an exam before the test's administration has on CTAS scores. Results imply that cognitive test anxiety measured by the CTAS should be considered as a trait.