Optimal energy management of multiple electricity-hydrogen integrated charging stations

Hydrogen is considered promising for the replacement of fossil fuels in integrated energy systems through hydrogen energy storage (HES). This paper considers multiple electricity-hydrogen integrated charging stations (EHI-CSs) as a unit consisting of photovoltaic systems and HES systems for charging plug-in electric vehicles and refilling hydrogen fuel vehicles. In the multiple EHI-CSs unit, a set of interconnected EHI-CSs can be supplied by other EHI-CSs or power utilities and an EHI-CSs aggregator can manage the individual EHI-CSs through controllable facilities (i.e., HES system) and adjustment methods (i.e., energy transportation between subsystems). Meanwhile, a two-stage energy management system (EMS) strategy is proposed to coordinate the day-ahead scheduling and real-time dispatch. In the day-ahead scheduling stage, the aggregator minimizes the cost of the overall multiple EHI-CSs unit through optimization, and in the real-time dispatching stage, the intraday energy dispatch based model predictive control (MPC) is carried out to minimize the penalty cost. The proposed two-stage EMS strategy is evaluated through simulations and the numerical results confirm that the proposed solution outperforms the baseline solution with additional economic benefit.