Digital Neuropsychology: Technological Approaches for the Assessment of Cognitive Functions in Older Adults

Consistent with the growth in aging population, the number of individuals with dementia is increasing. There is an agreement regarding the essential role of neuropsychological assessment in the early detection of cognitive decline, which is crucial in improving the course of dementia. Neuropsychological assessment that is usually applied with classical paper-pencil tests became digitalized with advancing technology. This digitalization spread rapidly, especially with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the digital approaches that are used in the neuropsychological assessment of older adults. In this context, a critical review of digital approaches, including teleneuropsychology, computerized neuropsychological assessment batteries, mobile technology or web-based assessment tools, and innovative technological methods, such as virtual and augmented reality has been conducted. The results of teleneuropsychology studies, which focused on remote administration of neuropsychological tests usually via videoconference, indicated that this method is reliable and valid. Computerized batteries and methods based on mobile technology provide an opportunity for self-testing in nonclinical settings and a background for follow-up studies with large samples. Although assessment methods using new technologies, such as virtual reality, are still in their infancy, they have great potential for more sensitive measurements. The majority of the methods involved in digital approaches, which have advantages such as increased accessibility and standardization of measurements, revealed consistent results with classical paper-pencil tests and patients' diagnosis. However, a detailed psychometric analysis and best practice guidelines of the digital approaches are still lacking. Moreover, digital approaches can present a challenge in the clinician-patient relationship and have limitations in patient observation during testing. Despite the limitations due to digital neuropsychology applications, digital approaches have the potential to provide important benefits to patients, professionals in the area, and the health system. In this respect, academic and clinical studies that would benefit all parties are important.