Prevalence of low bone mineral density (T-score ≤ − 2.5) in the whole spectrum of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The prevalence of low bone mineral density (LBMD) in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unknown. We identified a high prevalence of LBMD in CKD population. Thus, public health strategies should include efforts to prevent, early detect, and manage LBMD in CKD patients, especially in patients undergoing kidney replacement therapy. Mineral and bone disorders are common among patients with CKD, which affects bone mineral density. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of low bone mineral density (LBMD) in adults with CKD. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, and LILACS databases from inception to February 2021. Observational studies that reported the prevalence of LBMD in adults with CKD stages 3a–5D were included. The LBMD was defined according to the World Health Organization criterion (T-score ≤ − 2.5). Random-effect model meta-analyses were used to estimate the pooled prevalence of LBMD. Meta-regressions and subgroup analyses were conducted for stages of CKD, dialysis modality, gender, bone sites and morphology, and geographical region. This study was registered in PROSPERO, number CRD42020211077. One-hundred and fifty-three studies with 78,092 patients were included. The pooled global prevalence of LBMD in CKD was 24.5% (95% CI, 21.3 − 27.8%). Subgroup analyses indicated a higher prevalence of LBMD in dialysis patients (30%, 95% CI 25 − 35%) compared with non-dialysis CKD patients (12%, 95% CI 8 − 16%), cortical bone sites (28%, 95% CI 23 − 35%) relative to trabecular sites (19%, 95% CI 14 − 24%), while similar estimates in the European and the Asiatic continents (26%, 95% CI 21 − 30% vs 25%, 95% CI 21 − 29). The prevalence of LBMD in CKD patients is high, particularly in those undergoing dialysis and in cortical bone sites. Therefore, efforts to early diagnosis and management strategies should be implemented in clinical routine for an epidemiological control of LBMD in CKD patients.