Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals cellular heterogeneity in mouse intra- and extra articular ligaments

Ligaments are collagenous connective tissues that connect bones. Injury of knee ligaments, namely anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL), is common in athletes. Both ligaments have important functions, but distinct regeneration capacities. The capacity for recovery after injury also diminishes with age. However, cellular heterogeneity in the ligaments remains unclear. Here, we profiled the transcriptional signatures of ACL and MCL cells in mice using single-cell RNA sequencing. These ligaments comprise three fibroblast types expressing Col22a1 , Col12a1 , or Col14a1 , but have distinct localizations in the tissue. We found substantial heterogeneity in Col12a1 - and Col14a1 -positive cells between ACL and MCL. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that angiogenesis- and collagen regulation-related genes were specifically enriched in MCL cells. Furthermore, we identified age-related changes in cell composition and gene expression in the ligaments. This study delineates cellular heterogeneity in ligaments, serving as a foundation for identifying potential therapeutic targets for ligament injuries.