Smoking Cessation Medication Prescribing for Smokers With and Without Mental Illness

Objective: This study examined trends in receipt of smoking cessation medications among smokers with and without mental illness, including serious mental illness, from 2005 to 2019 and characterized physician attitudes and practices related to tobacco screening and cessation treatment.Methods: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data (2005-2019) were examined for receipt of cessation med-ication prescriptions for bupropion, varenicline, and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) among 55,662 smokers-18,353 with any mental illness and 7,421 with serious mental illness. Qualitative interviews with 40 general internists and psy-chiatrists between October and November 2017 used a semistructured guide. MEPS data were analyzed with de-scriptive statistics, and interviews were analyzed with hybrid inductive-deductive coding.Results: From 2005 to 2019, at least 83% of smokers with or without mental illness did not receive varenicline, NRT,or bupropion. Over 14 years, the proportion of smokers re-ceiving varenicline peaked at 2.1% among those with no mental illness, 2.9% among those with any mental illness, and 2.4% among those with serious mental illness. The respec-tive peak proportions for NRT were 0.4%, 1.1%, and 1.6%; for bupropion, they were 1.2%, 8.4%, and 16.7%. Qualitative themes were consistent across general internists and psy-chiatrists; providers viewed cessation treatment as chal-lenging because of the perception of smoking as a coping mechanism and agreed on barriers to treatment, including lack of insurance coverage and contraindications for people with mental illness. Conclusions: System-and provider-level strategies to support evidence-based smoking cessation treatment for people with and without mental illness are needed.