Frailty in People with Chronic Limb Threatening Ischemia and Diabetes-Related Foot Ulcers: A Systematic Review

Background: Frailty represents a state of multisystem impairment that may adversely impact people presenting with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) and diabetes-related foot ulcers (DFUs). The aim of this systematic review was to explore the association between frailty and outcomes from CLTI and DFUs.Methods: We performed a systematic literature search of electronic databases to find studies using a validated measure of frailty in individuals with CLTI and/or DFUs. The primary outcomes were the impact of frailty on the severity of initial clinical presentation and unfavorable follow-up outcomes including readmissions, major limb amputation, cardiovascular events, revasculariza-tion, and wound healing.Results: Ten cohort studies were included. Two studies had a low risk of bias, 1 was unable to be assessed, 5 had moderate risk of bias, and 2 high risk of bias. The prevalence of frailty in people presenting with CLTI ranged from 27% to 88% and was 71% in people with DFUs. The presence of frailty in both people with CLTI and DFUs was associated with substantially increased severity at presentation (severity of ischemia and tissue loss) and poorer outcomes at follow-up (risk of readmission, limb amputation, and all-cause mortality).Conclusions: The presence of frailty in both people with CLTI and DFUs is likely associated with substantially higher complexity at presentation followed by a greater risk for readmission, amputation, and death during follow-up. Heterogeneity in the tools used to screen for frailty, poor definition of frailty, and unclear evaluation of exposure and outcomes limit further interpre-tation of findings.