Optimized Data Sampling and Energy Consumption in IIoT: A Federated Learning Approach

Real-time environment monitoring is a key application in Industrial Internet of Things, where sensors proactively collect and transmit environmental data to the controller. However, due to limited wireless resources, keeping sensors’ sampled data fresh at the controller is critical. This work aims to investigate the trade-off between the sensor’s data-sampling frequency and long-term data transmission energy consumption while maintaining information freshness. Leveraging the entropic risk measure (ERM), we jointly minimize the global transmission energy’s mean and variance subject to probabilistic constraints on information freshness. Furthermore, while jointly saving the model training energy, we adopt the federated learning (FL) paradigm and propose an FL-based two-stage iterative optimization framework to optimize the aforementioned objective. Specifically, we iteratively learn the sampling frequency via Bayesian optimization and minimize the long-term ERM of the global energy consumption via Lyapunov optimization. Numerical results show that the proposed FL-based scheme saves substantial executing energy with less performance loss. Quantitatively, compared with the centralized learning baseline, the proposed FL-based framework saves up to 69% model training energy at the expense of a mere increased objective outcome, i.e., 6.3% in the global data transmission energy consumption ( $9.936\times 10^{-5}$ in ERM) under 0.4% bias from the global optimal data-sampling frequency.