Application of a Novel Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Drill Guide for Cervical Transpedicular Screw Placement in Dogs: An Ex vivo Study

Introduction: Anatomical variations and eventual vertebral malformations render precise implant placement an even greater challenge in veterinary patients. Fluoroscopic guidance and the use of neuronavigation systems considerably improve implant placement accuracy, but it exposes the surgeon and the patient to significant levels of radiation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the precision of a new surgical drill guide model printed in 3D to assist in directing cervical transpedicular screw placement.