Use of nanoparticles and fertilizers in alleviating heavy metals and improving nutrients uptake in plants

Nano-fertilizers and/or particles (NPs) plays a critical role in resolving a number of environmental concerns via a range of substantial and effective processes. In plants, NPs can be used to boost agricultural productivity and quality while also protecting them from disease and pests in a cost-effective and long-term manner. NPs markedly alleviate stress and increase antioxidant activities in plants. Nano-fertilizers can provide defensive mechanisms that can improve root development and ameliorate oxidative stress in plants caused by heavy metals. Adsorption, competition, ion-exchange, and immobilization mechanisms are used to remediate heavy metals using NPs, which have outstanding adsorption capabilities, increased specific surface dimensions, stronger chemical reactivity, and eco-friendly features. By changing soil pH and microbial activity, NPs can change the physico-chemical parameters of the soil. Thus, NPs can be employed for a variety of technologically supporting goals, such as enhancing soil fertility, agricultural productivity, and heavy metals polluted soil remediation, all while keeping immobilization efficacy and soil biological aspects in mind. Therefore, the goal of this review is to elucidate the processes of NPs in alleviating metal stress and improving plant nutrient uptake.