Characterisation of the Alarm Pheromone of Bathycoelia Distincta (Pentatomidae)

Bathycoelia distincta (Pentatomidae) is the dominant pest in South African macadamia orchards, where adults are responsible for causing severe yield losses. Similar to other hemipterans, B. distincta release volatile compounds from scent glands that can deter natural enemies and act as an alarm signal among conspecifics. The overall aim of this study was to characterise the alarm pheromone of B. distincta . We: (i) analysed the scent gland contents of individual adult B. distincta by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), (ii) quantified volatiles released from live stink bugs after stress, and (iii) evaluated the electrophysiological and behavioural activity of alarm pheromone compounds with dose-response experiments. A blend of fourteen compounds was identified in the scent gland extracts of adult stink bugs. Of these, six compounds were detected in the effluvia of live stressed stink bugs [( E )-2-hexenal, ( E )-2-decenal, tridecane, dodecane, ( E )-4-oxohex-2-enal and ( E )-2-decenyl acetate]. No qualitative or quantitative differences were observed between sexes. Tridecane was the most abundant compound, comprising ∼50% of total secretions. Only ( E )-2-hexenal, ( E )-2-decenal, and ( E )-4-oxohex-2-enal elicited an antennal response in both sexes. Finally, exposure to a mixture of ( E )-2-hexenal, ( E )-2-decenal, and ( E )-4-oxohex-2-enal resulted in an increase in the speed and distance travelled by walking bugs and a decrease in time spent resting compared to unexposed bugs. Our results show that the blend of ( E )-2-hexenal, ( E )-2-decenal, and ( E )-4-oxohex-2-enal can induce an alarm response in B. distincta .