“I don’t know what the hell you’d call it”: A qualitative thematic synthesis of men’s experiences with sexual violence in adulthood as contextualized by hegemonic masculinity.

Public Significance Statement This study demonstrates that societal beliefs and expectations about masculinity can, in certain ways, confer risk for men experiencing sexual violence and negatively impact their recovery process. Our findings suggest more work is needed across domains (e.g., public discourse, academic research, clinical practice) to challenge harmful tenets of gender socialization which may invalidate men's experiences with sexual violence and obstruct their willingness and ability to seek help. Men's experiences with sexual violence (SV) remain underrecognized in advocacy work, public discourse, academic research, and clinical practice, largely because SV is gendered as a feminine experience. To increase our understanding of this topic, the present thematic synthesis of qualitative studies sought to explore how socially constructed tenets of hegemonic masculinity contextualize men's experiences with SV in adulthood. Relevant materials for the thematic synthesis were identified via a search of literature published in nine databases up to August 2021 following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Of the 2,815 works identified, 41 studies were analyzed based on our inclusion criteria (i.e., empirical study using qualitative methods, examining men's first-person experiences with SV in adulthood, references masculinity, based on Westernized countries). Four overarching themes were identified which help capture the influence of masculinity on men's gendered experiences with SV: (a) sexual victimization tactics used against men, (b) men's cognitive and emotional processing of SV experiences, (c) men's behavioral responses after SV, and (d) influence of masculinity constructs on help-seeking. Codes were stratified by gender of perpetrator (man or woman) and sample population (military, college, men who have sex with men, and general population) to better understand unique experiences of survivors in different contexts. Our findings are discussed using the gender role strain paradigm to situate men's experiences with SV within conceptual frameworks used in the broader field of masculinity studies.