Review on integrated disease and pest management of field crops

The evolution of IPM was followed multiple ways around the world and reached beyond the confines of the plant protection science. Excessive use of chemicals in disease and pest management has caused environmental and health problems, loss of biodiversity, and human disorders. Pests and diseases are pushing the boundaries of their biology, etiology, ecology, and crop production. Improvised techniques of integrated management play an important role in minimizing the use of chemicals. Integrated management of diseases and pests has been done successfully with the help of technology times to present with many success stories, but still in some underdeveloped countries, farmers are still reluctant to adopt integrated management because of their socio-economic behavior. Developed countries like America, Russia, Australia and Africa have made many expansions to develop sustainable IPM systems. The review in this article has focused on controlling diseases and insects through integrated management. There is a lot of diversity among diseases and pests from region to region. The focus in this article was emphasized on cultural, physical/ mechanical, biological and chemical control of integrated management. Benefits and limitations were discussed to analyse the conventional farming system. This information will be helpful to devise an effective model of disease and pest integrated management. Because understanding an epidemic is critical to implementing effective IPM control strategies, the relationship between pest, disease, and their epidemiology is long-term. This approach has proved effective for harmonious and sustainable agriculture.