Do extremely large goiters carry a higher risk of malignancy or complications? A case control study

Introduction The definition of thyroid goiter remains ambiguous, yet size may impact both malignancy rate and surgical complications' rate. Methods All patients with thyroid goiter who underwent thyroidectomy between 1/2015–1/2023 were included. Goiter was defined as lobe ≥4 cm. For analysis purpose, goiters measuring 4–8 cm and ≥8 cm were defined as large and extremely large goiters, respectively. For malignancy definition, tumor<1 cm in their largest diameter were excluded from study. Collected data included demographics, cytology, histology and postoperative complication. Results 144 goiters from 111 patients were included. The most common indication for surgery was symptoms (55 %). Compared with large goiter, extremely large goiters demonstrated a trend for tracheal narrowing on pre-operative CT findings (23 % vs. 45 %, p = 0.07 respectively). Overall differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) rate was 17 % (25/144) without statistical difference between groups (p = 0.89). Within goiters with pre-operative benign cytology, the DTC rate was 17 % (7/43). Follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer was the most common type for both groups. Nodular hyperplasia was significantly associated with extremely large goiters (53 % vs. 73 %, p = 0.03). No significant difference was found in transient hypocalcemia (48 % [15/31] vs. 41 % [5/12], p = 0.6) and other complications' rate between extremely large goiters and the control group. Conclusion When discussing management options for patients with goiters, the size of the goiter should not regarded as a higher risk for complications or malignancy, yet the relatively high malignancy rate found should be taken under consideration for resection.