Cone beam CT-guided navigation bronchoscopy: a cost-effective alternative to CT-guided transthoracic biopsy for diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary nodules

Objectives To determine if cone beam CT-guided navigation bronchoscopy (CBCT-NB) is a cost-effective diagnostic procedure in patients with a pulmonary nodule (PN) with an intermediate risk for lung cancer. Materials and methods Two decision analytical models were developed to compare the long-term costs, survival and quality of life. In the first model, CBCT-NB was compared with CT-guided transthoracic needle biopsy (TTNB) in TTNB eligible patients. In the second model, CBCT-NB was compared with direct treatment (without pathology proven lung cancer) in patients for whom TTNB is not suitable. Input data were gathered in-house, from literature and expert opinion. Effects were expressed in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Sensitivity analyses were used to assess uncertainty. Results CBCT-NB can be cost-effective in TTNB eligible patients with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of euro18 416 in an expert setting. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that in 69% and 90% of iterations CBCT-NB remained cost-effective assuming a willingness to pay (WTP) of euro20 000 and euro80 000 per QALY. CBCT-NB dominated in the treatment strategy in which TTNB is not suitable. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that in 95% of iterations CBCT-NB remained the dominant strategy, and CBCT-NB remained cost-effective in 100% of iterations assuming a WTP limit of euro20 000. In the comparison between CBCT NB and TTNB, the deterministic sensitivity analysis showed that the diagnostic properties and costs of both procedures have a large impact on the outcome. Conclusions CBCT-NB seems a cost-effective procedure when compared with TTNB and when compared with a direct treatment strategy in patients with an intermediate risk PN.