Metagenomic characterization of bacterial community and antibiotic resistance genes found in the mass transit system in Seoul, South Korea

Mass transit systems, including subways and buses, are useful environments for studying the urban microbiome, as the vast majority of populations in urban areas use public transportation. Microbial communities in urban environments include both human-and environment-associated bacteria that play roles in health and pathogen transmission. In this study, we used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to profile microbial communities sampled from various surfaces found in subway stations and bus stops within the Seoul mass transit system. The meta-genomic approach and network analysis were used to investigate broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and their co-occurrence patterns. We uncovered 598 bacterial species in 76 samples collected from various surfaces within the Seoul mass transit system. All samples were dominated by the potential human pathogen Salmonella enterica (40 %) and the human skin bacterium Cutibacterium acnes (19 %). Significantly abundant biomarkers detected in subway station samples were associated with bacteria typically found in the human oral cavity and respiratory tract, whereas biomarkers detected in bus stop samples were associated with bacteria commonly found in soil, water, and plants. Temperature and location had significant effects on mi-crobial community structure and diversity. In total, 41 unique ARG subtypes were identified, associated with single-drug or multidrug resistance to clinically important and extensively used antibiotics, including amino -glycosides, carbapenem, glycopeptide, and sulfonamides. We revealed that Seoul subway stations and bus stops possess unique microbiomes containing potential human pathogens and ARGs. These findings provide insights for refining location-specific responses to reduce exposure to potentially causative agents of infectious diseases, improving public health.