Pleiotropic Effects of Vitamin D in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

The multifaceted activity of vitamin D in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) presents a challenge for further research in this area. Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of bone mineral metabolism, it participates in the regulation of the immune system, and it is an underlying factor in the pathogenesis of IBD. Additionally, vitamin D affects Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes, influencing the release of cytokines and inhibiting tumor necrosis factor (TNF) expression and the wnt/beta-catenin pathway. As far as IBDs are concerned, they are associated with microbiota dysbiosis, abnormal inflammatory response, and micronutrient deficiency, including vitamin D hypovitaminosis. In turn, the biological activity of active vitamin D is regulated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR) which is associated with several processes related to IBD. Therefore, in terms of research on vitamin D supplementation in IBD patients, it is essential to understand the metabolic pathways and genetic determinants of vitamin D, as well as to identify the environmental factors they are subject to, not only in view of osteoporosis prevention and therapy, but primarily concerning modulating the course and supplementation of IBD pharmacotherapy.