Single-molecule imaging for probing the electrochemical interface

Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (SMFM) has gained increasing attention in studying redox processes at the electrochemical interface due to its unique ability to probe individual redox molecules with sub-millisecond temporal resolution and nanometer spatial resolution. Here, we wish to highlight some of the major microscopy techniques which have been successfully used in imaging single molecules at the electrode surface. In addition to the common practice of detecting a change in the fluorescence signal caused by a faradaic reaction, one can also label and image single nanobubbles generated on the electrode surface with single-molecule fluorescence.