Cost-efficient decarbonization of local energy systems by whole-system based design optimization

•Enable supply and demand near-term technical and business model advances the LEO model.•Whole-system based LEO model covers local electricity, heating, building, transport sectors.•Assess two operational modes under two capital cost levels considering weather risks.•Battery storage and import power help local energy systems cope with dark and cold winter.•Heat pump, P2P energy trading, local PV are top three prioritized technologies for the local case.